The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander - 960 Words

The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander tries to advance intellectual dialogue regarding mass incarceration in the United States. Alexander does this by carrying out a historical analysis of the process in which the correctional system controls African Americans through intentionally selected, and systematically sanctioned legal limits. In fact, the United States incarceration rate is not at peak by coincidence. Moreover, it is not coincidental that Black men and women make up the majority of this number. According to Alexander, this problem is a consequence of the â€Å"New Jim Crow† rules, which use racial stratification to eliminate black individuals in the legal sense. Black people and a small number of the Hispanic community face racial stratified laws when they face the justice system. This paper will support the claims that race is a major factor in the incarceration of black men in the United States, which includes the Jim Crow system, the slave system and the drag war. This process will also involve analyzing of some of the arguments presented within the book. Although the Jim Crow legislation system no longer exists, Alexander claims that this racial caste system has taken a different form in the society. Like the Jim Crow system, the incarceration system works to lock up black men though legal frames work. In fact, it is common to hear that black men are arrested much more than white men. In Alexander’s view, many black men are arrested and segregated in AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe third critical book review for this class takes a look at â€Å"The New Jim Crow† by Michelle Alexander published in 2012 by the New York Press. This book analyzes the problem with the incarceration system in the United States today that unfairly affects the African American community. This incarceration system is continuing to separate families, strip men of their freedom, and effectually make them into second c lass citizens upon release from prison as â€Å"free† men. She even describes that thoseRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe book, The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander is about the mass incarceration of African Americans in the criminal justice system. It depicts individuals who were arrested on drug crimes. Because these individuals are labeled as criminals, it becomes difficult for them to find work, housing, and public assistance. (Alexander, 2010) The themes in this book include denial and ignorance, racism and violence, and drugs. Denial and ignorance is a common behavior noted in this book. Many times peopleRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1666 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Era, many black power movements strived to prevent the New Jim Crow from happening. The black man was being oppressed during segregation and treated like animals. The white supremacy, only visualize African Americans as slaves, people who should not be a part of the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X drove men and women to fight for his or her rights. However, that was not enough to stop the white supremacy from oppressing African Americans. The Civil RightsRead MoreThe New Jim Crow, By Michelle Alexander Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is a thing of the past, or is it? Michelle Alexander’s, â€Å"The New Jim Crow,† main focus is on mass incarceration and how it occurs in an era of color blindness. Alexander also focuses on the social oppressions that African Americans hav e suffered throughout the years, until now. In this essay, I will discuss how the system of control was constructed, Alexander’s compelling historical analysis, and if the current system would be easier to dismantle. I would like to start by delving into howRead MoreThe New Jim Crow, By Michelle Alexander929 Words   |  4 Pagescriminal on record causing them to struggle in society. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Michelle Alexander author of The New Jim Crow, whose specialty, are racial profiling, racism in the United States and race in the criminal justice system, revealed how the government incarceration system is set up for failure, especially for the oppressed minorities in society. â€Å"Observers have referred to the advent of mass imprisonment as â€Å"The New Jim Crow† because the devastating racial impact of imprisonment effectively isolatesRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander2184 Words   |  9 Pages Paola Gonzalez Professor Maroney The American Experience May 6, 2015 The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander The New Jim Crow book written by Michelle Alexander and Michelle McCool addresses the racial dimensions of the War on Drugs. The book disputes that the federal drug policy purposefully targets lower minority groups and communities of color to keep black people incarcerated and off the streets. The book starts of disproving the idea that racism no longer exists by proving that racism is stillRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander Essay2059 Words   |  9 PagesIn the book The New Jim Crow author Michelle Alexander argues that a racial caste system still exists in the United States. Furthermore, this caste system is set up by the social control that is created by the discriminatory practices of the War on Drugs. The War on Drugs and mass incarcerations create a racial â€Å"undercaste† of African-Americans, by marginalizing ex-offenders in America. Within her arguments she describes the racist practices of, and policies surrounding, the War on Drugs. These extendRead MoreMichelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow1495 Words   |  6 Pages Baker, Anderson, and Dorn (1992) talk â€Å"A Critical Thinking Approach† giving the readers six guidelines to follow when critically assessing any literary work, all of which can apply to Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow. The first guideline is about how accessible is her work. Throughout the book, Alexander made her work as clear and concise as she possibly could by explaining certain points over again in a different chapter to make sure that the audience understands what she is trying to say

Sport Fans Free Essays

Although many people like sports and watch them on television, few people actually have a strong pride in a team, or really care about how a team does on a competitive game to game basis. To me people can be categorized in three different fan groups. One type of fan is a fair weather fan. We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Fans or any similar topic only for you Order Now They jump from team to team, most likely to which one is winning. Another type of fan is a part-time fan. They really do not care much about any one team, and just watch whoever is on. Finally, there is what I like to call die-hard fans. These fans never miss a game, and route for their team in good and bad times. The first type of fan that I mentioned is a fair weather fan. These are the kinds of fans that never really jump on board with one specific team. They cheer for whichever team might be winning at the time. These fans will usually say that they are routing for whoever the sports critics say will win the championship in that specific season. The next type of fan is what I like to call a part-time fan. These fans really do not have a favorite team, or even like sports period. They will watch a game only if there is nothing else on that they would rather watch. They really do not care who wins or loses. Most of the time these fans do not really know much about the sport that they are watching, or know much about sports in general. The final type of fan that I mentioned is a die-hard fan. These are the fans that truly have a favorite team, and really care about how their team does throughout the season. You will never hear a die-hard fan cheer for any team other than his or her favorite. Die-hard fans are the ones who are tailgating at the games at eight o’clock in the morning, when the game does not start until five or six o’clock at night. They will be the ones that you will see on television with their chests painted in weather that you cannot even imagine being outside in, much less with your shirt off. They truly feed off how their team does throughout the season, if the team is having a good year then these people will rarely ever be unhappy, but if the team is having a bad year then you do not want to cross paths with them. In conclusion, there are many kind of supporter but the truly supporter is die-hard support fans. How to cite Sport Fans, Papers

Contemporary Issues in International Business Department

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in International Business Department. Answer: Introduction: International business refers to the occurring of all commercial transactions like sales, investment, logistics and others between two or more countries or nations beyond the political barriers (Wild, Wild and Han 2014). The aim of international business is to focus on the controllable and uncontrollable forces. The controllable forces can be seen within the organization. On a more precise note, controllable forces can be controlled by the organization as the management team of the organization can control the personal management. On the other hand, uncontrollable forces are those factors that cannot be controlled by the organization. There are many instances of uncontrollable barriers like the climate barriers, cultural barriers, barriers from international competitions, and the intervention of the Government (Broucek et al.2012). One of the crucial uncontrollable barriers is the various kinds of policies introduced by the government that affect the international business in a large way. Now-a-days, corporations face two emerging issues in the international business; that is the advancement of technology and the fierce competitions among the rivals. The improvement in the e-commerce all over the world is contributing towards the fierce competition among the big international corporations (Cavusgil et al. 2014). The aim of the research proposal is to highlight the present issues in the various aspects of international business. The understanding about the main elements of international business is the main topic of the analysis. After that, the main analysis will be followed by a macro environment analysis to focus on the key elements of the topic. The research will be mainly based on primary data. After that, certain hypothesis and research question will be developed (Hamilton and Webster 2015). Knowledge and awareness about the macro economic factors that are affecting the international business will be focus of the research proposal. All these elements have been seen by the perspective of the organizational managers who are responsible for the running of an international business. Another aspect of the research is to evaluate the effects of online marketing on international business (DesJardins and McCall 2014). International business and contemporary issues There is a strong influence of the global, cultural and ecological factors on the primary contemporary issues of international business as they are responsible to drive a business in a particular region. It has been observed that the international business in situational organization depends directly on the controllable and uncontrollable elements along with various market forces (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). Some of the major aspects of internal business are commitment to the business, connectivity, country acumen, critical mass, continuous innovation, confidence, dealing with the competitors products and services and others (Wachowiak 2016). Analysis of the Macro environment of international business According to Dunning (2013), the macro environmental factors are those external forces that create impacts of the decision making process of the international business. There are many elements of macro economy like technology, economy of the world, legal and political factors, various climate factors, cultural barriers and others (Meyer and Peng 2016). Different types of studies regarding the macro environment have been taken into consideration in this study with the help of PEST analysis. The contemporary legal barriers of international business have been taken into consideration based on term of tariff and non-tariff across the international borders (Hamilton and Webster 2015). Research Questions and Hypothesis Research Questions Managers are aware of the macro environment elements related to International business? Does e-commerce has a major role in acting a change agent in the International business? Is online marketing the solution for solving the contemporary issues related to international business? Research Hypothesis The research hypothesis will be based on the following assumptions will be able to efficiently address the issues related to the contemporary issues related to International Business: Null Hypothesis (H0): The use of online marketing tools such as company website and social media platforms like platforms such as YouTube and Facebook cannot be used to resolve the contemporary issues in International Business. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The use of online marketing tools such as company website and social media platforms like platforms such as YouTube and Facebook can be used efficiently to resolve the contemporary issues in International Business. Operational definitions and measurements In order to simplify the scope of the study and analyze the contemporary issues of the International environment the research has been limited to the technological aspect of the macro environmental analysis. Hence, the primary focus will be put on the influence of the ecommerce in changing the overall international environment both in positive and negative aspect. The technological aspect has been also shown with the analysis of online marketing in terms of addressing the various type of different issues related to international business environment. The measurement will be based on the data analysis collected from a range of 75 respondents among which 50 respondents will employees employees/expatriates with international business works and the rest of the population will be budding entrepreneurs or managers planning to expand their business internationally. The entire data will be analyzed based on a Likert scale and in terms of converting the data to percentage values. Research Methodologies: Data Collection and analysis Primary data will be used for studying the different types of problems selected for the research data. In total 75 respondents will be selected for conducting the survey. Among which 25 respondents will be managers or budding managers who will start their business borders across international borders and 50 participants will be the employees with international assignments. The primary data analysis will be mainly based of survey technique. The data will be analyzed with the use of central tendency such as mean, median and mode. The quantitative data interpretation will be mainly based on the use of the techniques, which will include the use of descriptive statistics. The initiation of the research process will involve identifying the contemporary issues which is primarily there in the international business. The data collection process will be conducted with the use of survey procedure. After collection of the data using the likert scale the descriptive statistical tools will be applied on the relevant data. The expected outcomes will be able to draw the knowledge related to the existence of the macro environmental elements among the participants. The research will be also able to show whether the use of inline marketing tools will be able to address effectively the problem related to International business. Data Analysis The primary data analysis will be based on the different types of the questions, which have been selected for the survey analysis. The secondary data analysis will take into consideration the theoretical aspects of the literature review. The respondents will be surveyed on questions such as managers awareness of the macro environment elements related to International business, e-commerces role in acting a change agent in the International business and finally depiction of whether online marketing is the solution for solving the contemporary issues related to international business. The data analysis will take into likert scale options such as full awareness, partial awareness, meager awareness and non-awareness of the manager and the employees. The different aspects of the hypothesis testing will be based on the values taken in form of awareness, influence and redressing. The main results of the data analysis will involve the use of Mean, Standard Error, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Sample Variance, Skewness, Range, Minimum, Maximum value, Sum and Count of the given data. The hypothesis testing will be mainly focused on the redressing system. The acceptance or the rejection decision of the hypothesis statement will be based on the choice of the options related to the third question. Conclusion From the analysis based on the different types of the interpretation tools based on the theory base, background assumptions and relevant literature used for the research, it can be stated that the respondents for the question 1 has shown an inclination towards partial awareness of the knowledge of the macro environmental components related to international business. It has been further observed that the related participants have agreed to show a marginal influence on the role of the ecommerce in influencing international business. This influence factor can be related both positively and negatively. Respondents of question 3 have shown a neutral agreement in terms of the agreeing online marketing can act as a solution for solving the contemporary issues related to international business. Based on the several interpretations it is recommended to reject the alternative hypothesis set for the research study. Reference List Broucek, W., Kendall, P., Hauck, C. and Schacht, H., 2012. International Business and Contemporary Issues in Business. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. DesJardins, J.R. and McCall, J.J., 2014.Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Dunning, J.H., 2013.Multinationals, Technology Competitiveness (RLE International Business)(Vol. 13). Routledge. Hamilton, L. and Webster, P., 2015.The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. Meyer, K. and Peng, M., 2016.International business. Cengage Learning. Wachowiak, H. ed., 2016.Tourism and borders: contemporary issues, policies and international research. Routledge. Wild, J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.

Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology Essay Example

Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology Essay Religion is an array of practices and/or beliefs often capitalizing on the abstract elements of nature/environment; inclusive to this tenet is supernaturalism, cosmology, spiritualism, moralism and mysticism. Religion, being the most basic of all socio-cultural institutions, has enormous influence on the people’s way of living regardless of the timeframe and the location. It often defines the moral codes and practices of a particular group/genre across varying cultures and as such it is often described as a ‘way of life’ or ‘public stance’. Cross-cultural psychology involves the study of human behavior and mental process under various cultural settings and as such, one of its major objective is to define possible ‘universalities’ (etic approach) and ‘variances’(emic approach) in the mental processes and behavior of individual members of the society and/or different societies or culture. Religion being an important element or aspect of sociological and cultural realms, it is of huge import that we fully integrate the study of religion into cross-cultural research. The subsequent paper discusses the ‘need’ or the roles of ‘religion in cross cultural research. In relation to this, one aspect of psychologypersonality is assessed for religion using different religious genres. II. Religion’s Place in Cross-Cultural Studies We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It has been a generally accepted notion that religion plays an important role on human behavior. Freud (1927), the major proponent of psychoanalytic theory, acknowledged the influence of religion on identity; that is more of a neurotic impulse attempting to get control over the sensory world. Religion occupies important roles in the standards of living of different races, cultural groups and individuals.   As Lindebacke (1984) stipulated—[religion is a] kind of cultural and/or linguistic framework or medium that shapes the entirety of life and thought†¦ it is similar to an idiom that makes possible the description of realities, the formulation of beliefs, and the experiencing of inner attitudes, feelings, and sentiments. Religion can also predict patterns of behavior for important life domains all over the world (Tarakeshwaret al, 2003). Religion for instance, play a good ‘indicator’ for patterning broad categories of [fixed] personalityopenness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticismacross different cultures. Take for instance, considerable variances between the behavior of the Moslems and the Christians exposed to same kind of stress and environment; similarly, Buddhist Chinese and Islamic Indians would react differently given the same kind of situation. Such psychological universals—invariant patterns of thinking, feeling and acting are affected by religion and likewise, cultural context. It is inevitable that culture would likewise affect and/or shape religious beliefs and practices ((Tarakeshwaret al, 2003).. Patterns of behavior [and its norms] for a particular religious group is defined consciously or not by its environing culture. Ultimately, religion exerts strong influences for cross-cultural dimensions primarily because it creates conflict and variances across different religious [and cultural] clusters. Religion should be fully integrated into cross-cultural studies because of the reasons stated above. As a research tool, it occupies a substantial role; a social and cultural construct; a behavioral predictor; affected by culture; and effector of cross-cultures. IV. Personality, Culture, and Religion One may ask: to what degree does culture and religion affect the personality of a person? Going beyond the psychological self is the ‘social self’ an extension of personality that is hugely effected by the predisposition of environmental factors that governs the society. Religion being imminent archetypes for distinct cultures demonstrates a degree of relativity when it comes to the individual traits and, at the whole, the personality of their members. The social relationship ending with the biophysical birth, and the series of events that will naturally follow, demands that the individual react/respond to this imposed relation. Thus cultural acquisition and perception of religion is ipso facto the growth of personality. In a way, we described that some personalities may be ‘universal’, some ‘common’ and ‘others’ as ‘eccentric’. As some anthropologists would say, acculturation is acquisition of personality. Religiosity as a cultural construct correlates to personality in a way that it defines the behavior and the morales of a person; it is a social support system where perceptions and personality play key roles for cognitive responses and eventually into established forms of behavior. Take for instance, higher post-traumatic growth is linked with those bearing stronger religious beliefs in Israeli adolescents. The idea is that religion reduces demoralisation and provides hope and meaning. Neuroticism, one of the five big personality types, has higher predisposition towards PTG. On the holistic view, the adoption of trait/personality is identified by preference/depiction of culture and ethos tied to it. III. Individual Differences in Religion Effecting Personality Traits The five broad personalities provide a descriptive and non-theoretical model for personalityopenness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticismand is used to quantify statistical aggregates which can predict an individual’s behavior. Described in the following is a summary view for the definitum of the five big traits: (1) openness is the general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience; (2) conscientiousness is the tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; (3) extraversion s characterized by positive emotions, urgency, and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others; (4) agreeableness is the tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others; and (5) neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. The five personality traits are affected by heritability, development, sex differences, birth order, and culture (Pervin and John, 1999). Studies indicate that the ‘five personality traits’ that same factor structure and developmental trends for childhood and adulthood appear similar for all cultures. The interaction of culture and personality, as previously mentioned in the latter pages, shaped the behavior of individuals and social groups. The adoption of a particular trait is a reflection of adoptation and/or development as an output of the individual self and the cultural context. Take for instance, Protestant women have higher predisposition to pursue greater freedom than the covered fundamentalist Islams. Religion, a social construct, denotes collectivist ideology; that is individuals are integrated into groups by a set of beliefs and morales. Additionally, religion is somewhat linked into filial lineage; consequently, first-borns are found to be more religious than one can expect from latter-borns. Saroglou (2002) found a constant link between religion and high conscientiousness, conservatism, and traditionalism. What is the personality correlates of religion? The normative concept is that individual beliefs in religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices reflect individual variations in personality traits that is some consistencies are observed between what he/she may think, feel or behave. Saroglou (2002) reveals that religious people tend to be high in agreeableness and conscientiousness. Specificity for religious dimension is observed for the other remaining traits; fundamentalism is linked to low openness to experience; extrinsic religiosity to neuroticism; charismatic religion to extraversion. Religiosity can also become a cultural characteristic adaptation to those who are genetically and environmentally agreeable and conscientious. Delving deeper into the specific facets of the NEO-P-IR model revealed many interesting outlook into the behavioral patterns for religiosity. Competence is not necessarily for a religious individual but orderliness is. Additionally, extraversion and impulsiveness is not necessarily a trait for a religious individual. A degree of introversion is expected for openness to values and a high degree of acceptance is expected for them. Proactive and inhibitive aspects of conscientiousness were linked to conscientiousness and high anxiety and vulnerability, neuroticism factors, were positively correlated to religiosity. Saroglou and Muà ±oz-Garcia (2008) conducted a study on Spanish Catholic cohorts and found that high neuroticism was associated with extrinsically religious people which was explained by their guilt and fear of the divine judgment. Except ‘warmth’ all extraversion traits were found lacking in the sample population. Additionally, low assertiveness was correlated to high emotional religion which can be explained that these individuals turn to religion for security so as to improve their self-image. Spirituality however is more inclined towards openness for novelty and fantasy than religiosity. V. Summary and Conclusion Reviewed in the article are implicit reasons why religion should be fully-integrated into cross-cultural research. Religion is a social and cultural construct; a behavioral predictor; affected by culture; and effector of cross-cultures. Herein evaluated is the implication of religion as effectors of cross-cultures and as a behavioral predictor. Herein the Five Big Traits and their specific facets are predicted for religiosity. nbsp; References Freud, S. (1972). The future of an illusion (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. Lindbeck, G. (1984).   Nature of Doctrine. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press. Pervin L. A. O. P. John (Eds.).(1999). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. NY: Guilford Press. Saroglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Difference,s 32:15-25. Saroglou, V., Muà ±oz-Garcà ­a, A. (2008). Individual differences in religion and spirituality: An issue of personality traits and/or values. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 83-101. Tarakeswar N. et. al (2003). Religion: An Overlooked Dimension in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34( 4): 377-394.