The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander - 960 Words

The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander tries to advance intellectual dialogue regarding mass incarceration in the United States. Alexander does this by carrying out a historical analysis of the process in which the correctional system controls African Americans through intentionally selected, and systematically sanctioned legal limits. In fact, the United States incarceration rate is not at peak by coincidence. Moreover, it is not coincidental that Black men and women make up the majority of this number. According to Alexander, this problem is a consequence of the â€Å"New Jim Crow† rules, which use racial stratification to eliminate black individuals in the legal sense. Black people and a small number of the Hispanic community face racial stratified laws when they face the justice system. This paper will support the claims that race is a major factor in the incarceration of black men in the United States, which includes the Jim Crow system, the slave system and the drag war. This process will also involve analyzing of some of the arguments presented within the book. Although the Jim Crow legislation system no longer exists, Alexander claims that this racial caste system has taken a different form in the society. Like the Jim Crow system, the incarceration system works to lock up black men though legal frames work. In fact, it is common to hear that black men are arrested much more than white men. In Alexander’s view, many black men are arrested and segregated in AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1313 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws where used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to the civilRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1316 Words   |  6 Pages The New Jim Crow Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness examine the Jim Crow practices post slavery and the mass incarceration of African-American. The creation of Jim Crows laws were used as a tool to promote segregation among the minority and white American. Michelle Alexander’s the new Jim Crow Mass takes a look at Jim Crow laws and policies were put into place to block the social progression African-American from the post-slavery to theRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander Essay1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe third critical book review for this class takes a look at â€Å"The New Jim Crow† by Michelle Alexander published in 2012 by the New York Press. This book analyzes the problem with the incarceration system in the United States today that unfairly affects the African American community. This incarceration system is continuing to separate families, strip men of their freedom, and effectually make them into second c lass citizens upon release from prison as â€Å"free† men. She even describes that thoseRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1253 Words   |  6 PagesThe book, The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander is about the mass incarceration of African Americans in the criminal justice system. It depicts individuals who were arrested on drug crimes. Because these individuals are labeled as criminals, it becomes difficult for them to find work, housing, and public assistance. (Alexander, 2010) The themes in this book include denial and ignorance, racism and violence, and drugs. Denial and ignorance is a common behavior noted in this book. Many times peopleRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander1666 Words   |  7 PagesDuring the Civil Rights Era, many black power movements strived to prevent the New Jim Crow from happening. The black man was being oppressed during segregation and treated like animals. The white supremacy, only visualize African Americans as slaves, people who should not be a part of the United States. Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X drove men and women to fight for his or her rights. However, that was not enough to stop the white supremacy from oppressing African Americans. The Civil RightsRead MoreThe New Jim Crow, By Michelle Alexander Essay1511 Words   |  7 PagesRacism is a thing of the past, or is it? Michelle Alexander’s, â€Å"The New Jim Crow,† main focus is on mass incarceration and how it occurs in an era of color blindness. Alexander also focuses on the social oppressions that African Americans hav e suffered throughout the years, until now. In this essay, I will discuss how the system of control was constructed, Alexander’s compelling historical analysis, and if the current system would be easier to dismantle. I would like to start by delving into howRead MoreThe New Jim Crow, By Michelle Alexander929 Words   |  4 Pagescriminal on record causing them to struggle in society. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Michelle Alexander author of The New Jim Crow, whose specialty, are racial profiling, racism in the United States and race in the criminal justice system, revealed how the government incarceration system is set up for failure, especially for the oppressed minorities in society. â€Å"Observers have referred to the advent of mass imprisonment as â€Å"The New Jim Crow† because the devastating racial impact of imprisonment effectively isolatesRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander2184 Words   |  9 Pages Paola Gonzalez Professor Maroney The American Experience May 6, 2015 The New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander The New Jim Crow book written by Michelle Alexander and Michelle McCool addresses the racial dimensions of the War on Drugs. The book disputes that the federal drug policy purposefully targets lower minority groups and communities of color to keep black people incarcerated and off the streets. The book starts of disproving the idea that racism no longer exists by proving that racism is stillRead MoreThe New Jim Crow By Michelle Alexander Essay2059 Words   |  9 PagesIn the book The New Jim Crow author Michelle Alexander argues that a racial caste system still exists in the United States. Furthermore, this caste system is set up by the social control that is created by the discriminatory practices of the War on Drugs. The War on Drugs and mass incarcerations create a racial â€Å"undercaste† of African-Americans, by marginalizing ex-offenders in America. Within her arguments she describes the racist practices of, and policies surrounding, the War on Drugs. These extendRead MoreMichelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow1495 Words   |  6 Pages Baker, Anderson, and Dorn (1992) talk â€Å"A Critical Thinking Approach† giving the readers six guidelines to follow when critically assessing any literary work, all of which can apply to Michelle Alexander’s The New Jim Crow. The first guideline is about how accessible is her work. Throughout the book, Alexander made her work as clear and concise as she possibly could by explaining certain points over again in a different chapter to make sure that the audience understands what she is trying to say

Sport Fans Free Essays

Although many people like sports and watch them on television, few people actually have a strong pride in a team, or really care about how a team does on a competitive game to game basis. To me people can be categorized in three different fan groups. One type of fan is a fair weather fan. We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Fans or any similar topic only for you Order Now They jump from team to team, most likely to which one is winning. Another type of fan is a part-time fan. They really do not care much about any one team, and just watch whoever is on. Finally, there is what I like to call die-hard fans. These fans never miss a game, and route for their team in good and bad times. The first type of fan that I mentioned is a fair weather fan. These are the kinds of fans that never really jump on board with one specific team. They cheer for whichever team might be winning at the time. These fans will usually say that they are routing for whoever the sports critics say will win the championship in that specific season. The next type of fan is what I like to call a part-time fan. These fans really do not have a favorite team, or even like sports period. They will watch a game only if there is nothing else on that they would rather watch. They really do not care who wins or loses. Most of the time these fans do not really know much about the sport that they are watching, or know much about sports in general. The final type of fan that I mentioned is a die-hard fan. These are the fans that truly have a favorite team, and really care about how their team does throughout the season. You will never hear a die-hard fan cheer for any team other than his or her favorite. Die-hard fans are the ones who are tailgating at the games at eight o’clock in the morning, when the game does not start until five or six o’clock at night. They will be the ones that you will see on television with their chests painted in weather that you cannot even imagine being outside in, much less with your shirt off. They truly feed off how their team does throughout the season, if the team is having a good year then these people will rarely ever be unhappy, but if the team is having a bad year then you do not want to cross paths with them. In conclusion, there are many kind of supporter but the truly supporter is die-hard support fans. How to cite Sport Fans, Papers

Contemporary Issues in International Business Department

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in International Business Department. Answer: Introduction: International business refers to the occurring of all commercial transactions like sales, investment, logistics and others between two or more countries or nations beyond the political barriers (Wild, Wild and Han 2014). The aim of international business is to focus on the controllable and uncontrollable forces. The controllable forces can be seen within the organization. On a more precise note, controllable forces can be controlled by the organization as the management team of the organization can control the personal management. On the other hand, uncontrollable forces are those factors that cannot be controlled by the organization. There are many instances of uncontrollable barriers like the climate barriers, cultural barriers, barriers from international competitions, and the intervention of the Government (Broucek et al.2012). One of the crucial uncontrollable barriers is the various kinds of policies introduced by the government that affect the international business in a large way. Now-a-days, corporations face two emerging issues in the international business; that is the advancement of technology and the fierce competitions among the rivals. The improvement in the e-commerce all over the world is contributing towards the fierce competition among the big international corporations (Cavusgil et al. 2014). The aim of the research proposal is to highlight the present issues in the various aspects of international business. The understanding about the main elements of international business is the main topic of the analysis. After that, the main analysis will be followed by a macro environment analysis to focus on the key elements of the topic. The research will be mainly based on primary data. After that, certain hypothesis and research question will be developed (Hamilton and Webster 2015). Knowledge and awareness about the macro economic factors that are affecting the international business will be focus of the research proposal. All these elements have been seen by the perspective of the organizational managers who are responsible for the running of an international business. Another aspect of the research is to evaluate the effects of online marketing on international business (DesJardins and McCall 2014). International business and contemporary issues There is a strong influence of the global, cultural and ecological factors on the primary contemporary issues of international business as they are responsible to drive a business in a particular region. It has been observed that the international business in situational organization depends directly on the controllable and uncontrollable elements along with various market forces (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). Some of the major aspects of internal business are commitment to the business, connectivity, country acumen, critical mass, continuous innovation, confidence, dealing with the competitors products and services and others (Wachowiak 2016). Analysis of the Macro environment of international business According to Dunning (2013), the macro environmental factors are those external forces that create impacts of the decision making process of the international business. There are many elements of macro economy like technology, economy of the world, legal and political factors, various climate factors, cultural barriers and others (Meyer and Peng 2016). Different types of studies regarding the macro environment have been taken into consideration in this study with the help of PEST analysis. The contemporary legal barriers of international business have been taken into consideration based on term of tariff and non-tariff across the international borders (Hamilton and Webster 2015). Research Questions and Hypothesis Research Questions Managers are aware of the macro environment elements related to International business? Does e-commerce has a major role in acting a change agent in the International business? Is online marketing the solution for solving the contemporary issues related to international business? Research Hypothesis The research hypothesis will be based on the following assumptions will be able to efficiently address the issues related to the contemporary issues related to International Business: Null Hypothesis (H0): The use of online marketing tools such as company website and social media platforms like platforms such as YouTube and Facebook cannot be used to resolve the contemporary issues in International Business. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The use of online marketing tools such as company website and social media platforms like platforms such as YouTube and Facebook can be used efficiently to resolve the contemporary issues in International Business. Operational definitions and measurements In order to simplify the scope of the study and analyze the contemporary issues of the International environment the research has been limited to the technological aspect of the macro environmental analysis. Hence, the primary focus will be put on the influence of the ecommerce in changing the overall international environment both in positive and negative aspect. The technological aspect has been also shown with the analysis of online marketing in terms of addressing the various type of different issues related to international business environment. The measurement will be based on the data analysis collected from a range of 75 respondents among which 50 respondents will employees employees/expatriates with international business works and the rest of the population will be budding entrepreneurs or managers planning to expand their business internationally. The entire data will be analyzed based on a Likert scale and in terms of converting the data to percentage values. Research Methodologies: Data Collection and analysis Primary data will be used for studying the different types of problems selected for the research data. In total 75 respondents will be selected for conducting the survey. Among which 25 respondents will be managers or budding managers who will start their business borders across international borders and 50 participants will be the employees with international assignments. The primary data analysis will be mainly based of survey technique. The data will be analyzed with the use of central tendency such as mean, median and mode. The quantitative data interpretation will be mainly based on the use of the techniques, which will include the use of descriptive statistics. The initiation of the research process will involve identifying the contemporary issues which is primarily there in the international business. The data collection process will be conducted with the use of survey procedure. After collection of the data using the likert scale the descriptive statistical tools will be applied on the relevant data. The expected outcomes will be able to draw the knowledge related to the existence of the macro environmental elements among the participants. The research will be also able to show whether the use of inline marketing tools will be able to address effectively the problem related to International business. Data Analysis The primary data analysis will be based on the different types of the questions, which have been selected for the survey analysis. The secondary data analysis will take into consideration the theoretical aspects of the literature review. The respondents will be surveyed on questions such as managers awareness of the macro environment elements related to International business, e-commerces role in acting a change agent in the International business and finally depiction of whether online marketing is the solution for solving the contemporary issues related to international business. The data analysis will take into likert scale options such as full awareness, partial awareness, meager awareness and non-awareness of the manager and the employees. The different aspects of the hypothesis testing will be based on the values taken in form of awareness, influence and redressing. The main results of the data analysis will involve the use of Mean, Standard Error, Median, Mode, Standard Deviation, Sample Variance, Skewness, Range, Minimum, Maximum value, Sum and Count of the given data. The hypothesis testing will be mainly focused on the redressing system. The acceptance or the rejection decision of the hypothesis statement will be based on the choice of the options related to the third question. Conclusion From the analysis based on the different types of the interpretation tools based on the theory base, background assumptions and relevant literature used for the research, it can be stated that the respondents for the question 1 has shown an inclination towards partial awareness of the knowledge of the macro environmental components related to international business. It has been further observed that the related participants have agreed to show a marginal influence on the role of the ecommerce in influencing international business. This influence factor can be related both positively and negatively. Respondents of question 3 have shown a neutral agreement in terms of the agreeing online marketing can act as a solution for solving the contemporary issues related to international business. Based on the several interpretations it is recommended to reject the alternative hypothesis set for the research study. Reference List Broucek, W., Kendall, P., Hauck, C. and Schacht, H., 2012. International Business and Contemporary Issues in Business. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholtz, A.K., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. DesJardins, J.R. and McCall, J.J., 2014.Contemporary issues in business ethics. Cengage Learning. Dunning, J.H., 2013.Multinationals, Technology Competitiveness (RLE International Business)(Vol. 13). Routledge. Hamilton, L. and Webster, P., 2015.The international business environment. Oxford University Press, USA. Meyer, K. and Peng, M., 2016.International business. Cengage Learning. Wachowiak, H. ed., 2016.Tourism and borders: contemporary issues, policies and international research. Routledge. Wild, J., Wild, K.L. and Han, J.C., 2014.International business. Pearson Education Limited.

Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology Essay Example

Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology Essay Religion is an array of practices and/or beliefs often capitalizing on the abstract elements of nature/environment; inclusive to this tenet is supernaturalism, cosmology, spiritualism, moralism and mysticism. Religion, being the most basic of all socio-cultural institutions, has enormous influence on the people’s way of living regardless of the timeframe and the location. It often defines the moral codes and practices of a particular group/genre across varying cultures and as such it is often described as a ‘way of life’ or ‘public stance’. Cross-cultural psychology involves the study of human behavior and mental process under various cultural settings and as such, one of its major objective is to define possible ‘universalities’ (etic approach) and ‘variances’(emic approach) in the mental processes and behavior of individual members of the society and/or different societies or culture. Religion being an important element or aspect of sociological and cultural realms, it is of huge import that we fully integrate the study of religion into cross-cultural research. The subsequent paper discusses the ‘need’ or the roles of ‘religion in cross cultural research. In relation to this, one aspect of psychologypersonality is assessed for religion using different religious genres. II. Religion’s Place in Cross-Cultural Studies We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Religion in Cross-Cultural Psychology specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It has been a generally accepted notion that religion plays an important role on human behavior. Freud (1927), the major proponent of psychoanalytic theory, acknowledged the influence of religion on identity; that is more of a neurotic impulse attempting to get control over the sensory world. Religion occupies important roles in the standards of living of different races, cultural groups and individuals.   As Lindebacke (1984) stipulated—[religion is a] kind of cultural and/or linguistic framework or medium that shapes the entirety of life and thought†¦ it is similar to an idiom that makes possible the description of realities, the formulation of beliefs, and the experiencing of inner attitudes, feelings, and sentiments. Religion can also predict patterns of behavior for important life domains all over the world (Tarakeshwaret al, 2003). Religion for instance, play a good ‘indicator’ for patterning broad categories of [fixed] personalityopenness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticismacross different cultures. Take for instance, considerable variances between the behavior of the Moslems and the Christians exposed to same kind of stress and environment; similarly, Buddhist Chinese and Islamic Indians would react differently given the same kind of situation. Such psychological universals—invariant patterns of thinking, feeling and acting are affected by religion and likewise, cultural context. It is inevitable that culture would likewise affect and/or shape religious beliefs and practices ((Tarakeshwaret al, 2003).. Patterns of behavior [and its norms] for a particular religious group is defined consciously or not by its environing culture. Ultimately, religion exerts strong influences for cross-cultural dimensions primarily because it creates conflict and variances across different religious [and cultural] clusters. Religion should be fully integrated into cross-cultural studies because of the reasons stated above. As a research tool, it occupies a substantial role; a social and cultural construct; a behavioral predictor; affected by culture; and effector of cross-cultures. IV. Personality, Culture, and Religion One may ask: to what degree does culture and religion affect the personality of a person? Going beyond the psychological self is the ‘social self’ an extension of personality that is hugely effected by the predisposition of environmental factors that governs the society. Religion being imminent archetypes for distinct cultures demonstrates a degree of relativity when it comes to the individual traits and, at the whole, the personality of their members. The social relationship ending with the biophysical birth, and the series of events that will naturally follow, demands that the individual react/respond to this imposed relation. Thus cultural acquisition and perception of religion is ipso facto the growth of personality. In a way, we described that some personalities may be ‘universal’, some ‘common’ and ‘others’ as ‘eccentric’. As some anthropologists would say, acculturation is acquisition of personality. Religiosity as a cultural construct correlates to personality in a way that it defines the behavior and the morales of a person; it is a social support system where perceptions and personality play key roles for cognitive responses and eventually into established forms of behavior. Take for instance, higher post-traumatic growth is linked with those bearing stronger religious beliefs in Israeli adolescents. The idea is that religion reduces demoralisation and provides hope and meaning. Neuroticism, one of the five big personality types, has higher predisposition towards PTG. On the holistic view, the adoption of trait/personality is identified by preference/depiction of culture and ethos tied to it. III. Individual Differences in Religion Effecting Personality Traits The five broad personalities provide a descriptive and non-theoretical model for personalityopenness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticismand is used to quantify statistical aggregates which can predict an individual’s behavior. Described in the following is a summary view for the definitum of the five big traits: (1) openness is the general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience; (2) conscientiousness is the tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement; (3) extraversion s characterized by positive emotions, urgency, and the tendency to seek out stimulation and the company of others; (4) agreeableness is the tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others; and (5) neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as anger, anxiety, or depression. The five personality traits are affected by heritability, development, sex differences, birth order, and culture (Pervin and John, 1999). Studies indicate that the ‘five personality traits’ that same factor structure and developmental trends for childhood and adulthood appear similar for all cultures. The interaction of culture and personality, as previously mentioned in the latter pages, shaped the behavior of individuals and social groups. The adoption of a particular trait is a reflection of adoptation and/or development as an output of the individual self and the cultural context. Take for instance, Protestant women have higher predisposition to pursue greater freedom than the covered fundamentalist Islams. Religion, a social construct, denotes collectivist ideology; that is individuals are integrated into groups by a set of beliefs and morales. Additionally, religion is somewhat linked into filial lineage; consequently, first-borns are found to be more religious than one can expect from latter-borns. Saroglou (2002) found a constant link between religion and high conscientiousness, conservatism, and traditionalism. What is the personality correlates of religion? The normative concept is that individual beliefs in religious attitudes, beliefs, and practices reflect individual variations in personality traits that is some consistencies are observed between what he/she may think, feel or behave. Saroglou (2002) reveals that religious people tend to be high in agreeableness and conscientiousness. Specificity for religious dimension is observed for the other remaining traits; fundamentalism is linked to low openness to experience; extrinsic religiosity to neuroticism; charismatic religion to extraversion. Religiosity can also become a cultural characteristic adaptation to those who are genetically and environmentally agreeable and conscientious. Delving deeper into the specific facets of the NEO-P-IR model revealed many interesting outlook into the behavioral patterns for religiosity. Competence is not necessarily for a religious individual but orderliness is. Additionally, extraversion and impulsiveness is not necessarily a trait for a religious individual. A degree of introversion is expected for openness to values and a high degree of acceptance is expected for them. Proactive and inhibitive aspects of conscientiousness were linked to conscientiousness and high anxiety and vulnerability, neuroticism factors, were positively correlated to religiosity. Saroglou and Muà ±oz-Garcia (2008) conducted a study on Spanish Catholic cohorts and found that high neuroticism was associated with extrinsically religious people which was explained by their guilt and fear of the divine judgment. Except ‘warmth’ all extraversion traits were found lacking in the sample population. Additionally, low assertiveness was correlated to high emotional religion which can be explained that these individuals turn to religion for security so as to improve their self-image. Spirituality however is more inclined towards openness for novelty and fantasy than religiosity. V. Summary and Conclusion Reviewed in the article are implicit reasons why religion should be fully-integrated into cross-cultural research. Religion is a social and cultural construct; a behavioral predictor; affected by culture; and effector of cross-cultures. Herein evaluated is the implication of religion as effectors of cross-cultures and as a behavioral predictor. Herein the Five Big Traits and their specific facets are predicted for religiosity. nbsp; References Freud, S. (1972). The future of an illusion (J. Strachey, Trans.). New York: Norton. Lindbeck, G. (1984).   Nature of Doctrine. Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press. Pervin L. A. O. P. John (Eds.).(1999). Handbook of personality: Theory and research. NY: Guilford Press. Saroglou, V. (2002). Religion and the five factors of personality: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Difference,s 32:15-25. Saroglou, V., Muà ±oz-Garcà ­a, A. (2008). Individual differences in religion and spirituality: An issue of personality traits and/or values. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 47, 83-101. Tarakeswar N. et. al (2003). Religion: An Overlooked Dimension in Cross-Cultural Psychology. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34( 4): 377-394.

Remember the Titans Essay Example

Remember the Titans Essay Example Remember the Titans Essay Remember the Titans Essay Coach Boone has been using different source of power run through the whole movie. There are many times when power come into play both on and off the field. At the beginning of the movie, as a black and white football team members clash in racially motivated conflicts; Coach Boone frequently uses legitimate power which refers to the formal authority based on a person’s position in the hierarchy and coercive power which refers to a power base dependent on fear of punishment for noncompliance. The best moment to demonstrate this combination of two types of power is at the beginning of the camp. Bertier comes up to coach Boone and states what is the structure of the team going to be both on offence and defence because he is the only All-American on the team. Coach Boone uses his legitimate power to absolutely flip the situation into the fact that he is now becoming Bertier’s daddy. In addition, Coach Boone uses pressure influence tactic which refers to the use of coercive power through threats and demands. He clearly states that Bertier had better do what Coach Boone wants him to do if he wants to play football on the team. This is a tough situation for Bertier but since Boone effectively used his power, he was able to get the followers to fall into line. At the end of the movie, when the Titans is trailing by 4 points and there is 17 seconds left on the clock, Coach Boone uses referent power and expert power to teach ‘Rev’ change the strategy on the offence since the coach on the other team has already read his game. This change on strategy effectively helps the Titans win the championship. The influence of tactic that Coach Boone uses is consultation. In Remember the Titans the locker room scene where they use verbal humor by calling an individual on a team â€Å"sunshine† because of his golden locks and also by trash talking about each other’s momma’s. This trash talking is the ability to joke around about a sensitive topic such as one’s mom but by this group cohesion that they are forming makes this subject not so sensitive. From the reminding of sunshine’s hair of Bertier’s Momma, to when Lastik complains about his back problem for giving Petey Jone’s mom a piggy back ride. The group cohesion is even more well seen by the singing of â€Å"Ain’t no mountain high enough† when both the African American’s and the White members of the team join in to sing for this team bonding moment. 6) The group conflict between Ray Budds group and the whole idea of allowing African America’s to play on the same team as the whites. This conflict that Ray Budds has with this team conflict is classified as an Ego Conflict. Unlike Simple Conflict where it is just a disagreement over facts and easy to resolve, Ego Conflict is a lot harder to solve because an individual cannot point a finger at the issue but instead has to reach inside his personal well being to solve the problem. His Ego Conflict continues as he finds a common group of individual’s in the movie that agree with his views rather than opening himself to a different group who do not share his views so he can find a solution to his Ego Conflict. We can notice through his facial expression how he shows disgust and hatred towards the African Americans as one of his group members gets involved in singing â€Å"Aint no mountain high enough. † This facial expression is emphasized in this scene because one of his group members joined in to resolve his issue which Ray could have done as well but his Ego was too strongly against this issue to even consider it. 10) At the end of the movie the racial issue between the African American’s and the Whites is finally resolved between the players. The group/team members finally came together for two main reasons from what I saw. The first reason is the most important reason because of the group/team came upon a common goal that they shared which was to win. They realized as a team that if they continued to be segregated they were going to be unable to reach this goal. They also realized that each individual on the team had something to bring, the Interdependence of relying on one another in a specific position helped them realize that they were going to need Petey Jone’s speed and hands as a wide receiver and Gery Bertier leadership to come together to reach this common goal. Another main reason why they came together was the domino theory. As one individual fell and saw the pros of desegregating the team another individual would follow. The coaches in this part played a huge roll because of the leadership they have, as soon as Coach Boon and Coach Bill got on the same page and accepted desegregation the team followed. These choices were all by individual as some of the individuals quit because of this racial war and would not change for the better of themselves and the team.

Limits on Campaign Contributions

Limits on Campaign Contributions So you want to give some money to a political candidate. Maybe your congressman is seeking re-election, or an upstart challenger has decided to run against her in the primary and you want to throw some extra cash to the  campaign. How do you do it? How much can you give?   Related: Can You Recall a Member of Congress? Heres what you need to know before you write that check to your congressmans re-election campaign in the 2013-14 election cycle. Question:  How much can I contribute? Answer: An individual can contribute $2,700 at most to a candidate for federal office in a single election cycle. That means you can give $5,400 to a single candidate in an election year: $2,700 during the primary campaign, and $2,700 more during the general election. Related: How Much Did the 2012 Presidential Race Cost? One way many households get around this limit is by having husbands and wives make separate contributions to a candidate. Even if only one spouse has an income, both householders can write a check for $2,700 to a candidate during a single election cycle. Question: If Ive hit that limit, can I give money to someone else to contribute? Answer: No. Federal election laws prohibit someone who has contributed the maximum amount of money to a candidate in one election cycle from giving money to someone else to give. Also, companies are banned from issuing a bonus to employees for the purpose of writing checks to a candidate for federal office. Question:  Can the candidates spend the money however they wish? Answer:  No. There are some limitations on how candidates can spend money. Generally speaking, candidates are not allowed to spend money contributed to campaign funds for any personal use. The money you give to candidates for political office must be spent on campaign operations, though any money left over after an election may remain in the campaign account or be transferred to a party account, according to Federal Election Commission regulations. Question:  What if Im not at U.S. citizen or dont live in the United States? Answer:  Then you cant contribute to political campaigns. Federal elections laws prohibit campaign contributions from non-U.S. citizens and foreign nationals living in the United States. However, those living in the United States legally - individuals carrying a green card, for example - may contribute to federal political campaigns. Question:  What if I have a contract with the federal government? Answer: You are not allowed to contribute money. According to the Federal Election Commission: If you are a consultant under contract to a Federal agency, you may not contribute to Federal candidates or political committees. Or, if you are the sole proprietor of a business with a Federal government contract, you may not make contributions from personal or business funds. You may make a contribution, however, if youre merely an employee of a firm that holds a government contract. Question:  How do I give money to a candidate? Answer:  There are several ways. You can write a check to the campaign,  contribute via  bank transfer, credit card charge, electronic check and even text message. Question:  Can I use Bitcoins to make a contribution? Answer:  No, even though  Bitcoins  are being used to purchase goods and services across the world, Americans are  not yet permitted to use the electronic currency   to support political campaigns or  committees  at the national level  or give to other organizations that seek to influence  federal elections in the United States. Question: What if I dont want to give money to a candidate? Can I give to a party? Answer: Of course. Individuals are allowed to give as much as $32,400 to national political parties and  $10,000 to state and local parties over the course of a calendar year. Related: How to Start Your Own Super PAC You can also give unlimited amounts of money to super PACs, which raise and spend money independent of political candidates but  advocate nonetheless for  the election or defeat of candidates.

Critical thought Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical thought - Assignment Example Students have different lenses or opinions of the given instructional materials (depending on how they understand or correlate it with their experiences). The same applies to our lives. We may have seen an incident and viewed it as wrong according to our perception of culture or morality. Others may see it as normal, usual, right because they have different lenses as ours. An experience of mine regarding lenses had influenced my thinking of a particular incident. I had a misunderstanding with a friend about certain â€Å"time and commitment† issue. A few hours later, she has posted something on her social to which I have connected to the context of time and commitment. I thought that she was pertaining to me and to our arguments so I felt offended and did not talk to her for a long period of time. Months passed, I learned from her mother that she was facing a problem at her part-time job which concerns time and commitment issues. It was then that I realized that we have seen the situation in different lenses and I was wrong of my perceptions. The concept of our own lenses will help us become aware of the ones we have as compared to others. Not all individuals have the perceptions or thinking as ours. If we will only just perceived the world according to our lenses, we may have some misunderstanding of the people around us. In addition, we will fail to examine the objective truth and we will not bother to examine facts or evidences because we are already blinded by our lenses. By academic definition, perceiving is how we processed our thinking and understanding of the world through what we called â€Å"lenses† which may vary because of our individual personalities, experiences, biases, assumptions, and ways of viewing thing (Chaffee, 2012, 149; Thomson, 2002, 155). Believing, on the other hand, is establishing perceptual experiences into a belief structure or cognition and being able to execute or apply these

Family Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Family - Case Study Example From the facts presented, it may be safe to assume that custody of the two common children shall remain with Susan. There is nothing in the facts which belie any intention on James' part to contest the award of such custody and even granting that he attempts to contest it, the demands of his career and Susan's track record as the primary caretaker of the two children would make such contention largely untenable. As such, we may thus safely assume that custody of the children would in fact be awarded to Susan upon their divorce. Susan's expected custody of the two common children is an important factor that will influence the resolution of the more controversial issues in their case. The issues that must be resolved upon the dissolution of James' and Susan's marriage revolve primarily upon two areas: support and property allocation. In regards to the first area of contention, we further subdivide it into two sections: support for their common children and support for the other spouse. In regards to the question of child support, James may be ordered to provide financial support for the two common children in accordance with Section 23 of the Marital Causes Act of 1973, which allows the court to order a party to the marriage to provide financial support to the benefit of a child of the family. ... As such, it is the duty of the courts to ensure that Susan receives financial support from James so as to meet her own financial needs. Pursuant to 2.53 of The Family Proceeding Rules of 1991, an order for maintenance pending suit may be imposed upon James to compel him to provide financial support while the divorce proceedings are ongoing so as to meet Susan's immediate financial needs. The amount of financial support to be provided for Susan shall be determined by several factors. The amount must not be based solely on her financial needs, but rather on what may be perceived as reasonable and fair, taking into consideration the lifestyle which characterized their marriage as well as other considerations directed towards making the two parties as equal to each other as possible, financially and otherwise. James, as the financially advantaged party may thus be ordered to provided specific payments of financial support to Susan, to be provided in regular periods, and subject to Susan' s remarriage, change in employment status, and other conditions that the court may deem significant in determining whether such maintenance is still necessary.As has been held in White v White (2000 UKHL 54), the overall purpose of the standards set in the Marital Causes Act of 1973 is to promote "fairness" between the two parties involved. This purpose places upon the court the duty to ensure that neither party is left disadvantaged by the dissolution of their marriage, a scenario that is bound to occur should the non-earning spouse be left to his or her own defenses without recourse to the protection of the court. The goal of "fairness" is further elaborated in the recent case of Miller v Miller

Assessing Your Company for Noble Cause Essay Example for Free

Assessing Your Company for Noble Cause Essay In the past few years, dramatic change has been observed in the ways that are being used for completing a job, as it is not difficult to find and keep great employees in the company. An overall shift in workplace values has been raised, which is a fact, and which, has changed the ways that were used to perform and complete the work by the employees. In this regard, it is very important to understand the abovementioned shift, in order to build a strong company, while saving on the payroll. Some other factors have played a vital role in changing the attitude of these employees, as well as, their values in the company. The trend of global market is one of the factors, by which, the position of potency of the employees have been strapped securely. In addition, worker empowerment and change in demographics have also played a crucial role in thrusting so-called knowledge workers in the front seats of the company. The need of a better work and life balance has also tends the career to be sacrificed by the employees in this determination. Traditionally, turnover has been stemming by the offering of incentives, such as, promotions, raises, etc. by the companies. However, a more organic crop of incentives has been turned by the human resource directors forcefully. Some of the reasons of this change have been the global competition and wages, which have rise significantly in the past years. In addition, hierarchies have collapsed and the promotion pool has shrunk in these years. Wise companies will not let any short-term downturn alter their efforts to become one of the most desirable places to work† as suggested by a West Coast-based retention strategist and speaker, John B. Izzo. (Withers, 2001) Demographics cannot be changed by the human resource directors. However, the employer-employee power dynamic, which is being affected by the fourth factor, can be responded by the companies today. Lines are now being drawn in the sand, as an increment has been observed in the risk of burnout tenfold by the working of longer hours and less leisure time of the employees. In this regard, a pace of change unprecedented in history is being faced by the workers in companies. It has been observed that self-identity is being tied up with the work identity by today’s workers, as shown in different studies. Instead, work and leisure is being tried to balance with the help of different ways that are being explored by these workers. In this regard, shifting of the values of these workers has been observed discernibly. The ways are intensifying, which are being implemented by the workers, in order to achieve their personal goals. In this regard, great staff is being found, kept, and engaged with the help of following strategies: Practical situations and offers should be made to the employees with the regard to the improvement and enhancement of their work and life balance. A sense of a deeper cause should be promoted for the employees. Different opportunities related to the professional development and growth of the employees should be offered. Employees should be treat like partners rather than treating them as servants. A community should be created in the workplace, in order to help workers in their office work, as well as, their homework. Trust should be rebuilt with the workers in every way. Suggestions for Companies An initial assessment has been designed from the following statements regarding the way an organization and its departments are doing in response to the procedures of search for employees with perspective of a noble cause. Thinking will be guided from this assessment, however, no definitive quantitative appraisal will be provided by it. A scale has also been provided to asses the statement regarding your work environment. The deeper meaning of the product or a service has been described by a statement of the company. For instance, human life has been improved and preserved, people are made happy at home, etc. (It ‘Yes’ is the answer, but, it is rare, then 1 point should be assigned. If the statement is real and applied often, then 3 points should be tallied). Company provides opportunities regarding the different volunteerism and community services to the employees. (If the opportunities have been provided by the company, then 1 point should be given. If training and encouragement is given to the employees, then 2 points should be given. If payment is given to the employees who participate in these activities, then give 3 points) . The people are inspired by higher ethics, in order to perform the right thing with the help of a set of values in the company. (If a set of values is in the organization, but it is rarely applied, then give 1 point. If these values have been employed, and ensuring methods have been implemented, then 3 points should be given. If such a statement is in the company, but the values are not observed by the company, and it has become a joke for the employees, then subtract 2 points) . In the community, a reputation regarding the commitment has been gained by the company with regard to the larger community. (one point) . Profits are not considered the only way of presenting the results of the company. However, the people who have been impact by the services of the company are often presented during large company meetings. (If these habits are performed by the company, then 1 point should be given. If services are given stronger preference over profits, then 3 points should be given) .

Field of Dreams - The Innocence in History :: Field of Dreams Essays

Field of Dreams - The Innocence in History [1] Baseball is America’s favorite pastime. When people hear the word "America," they think of apple pie, meat and potatoes, July 4th, and inevitably the everlasting love of this country, baseball. The credit is given to a man named Alexander J. Cartwright, who drew up a set of rules for a game played with a bat, a round ball, and a glove. Along with the rules came a sketching of a diamond-shaped field on which the game was to be played. The rules that Cartwright wrote up in 1845 may have very well changed somewhat, but the game of baseball has remained remarkably constant throughout history into today. [2] Cartwright was a part of a baseball club team called the â€Å"New York Knickerbocker Base Ball Club,† and his rules were for use of only this club. Soon after, other clubs started to become interested in these rules, and they adopted them into their own ball clubs and games. â€Å"It is evident that other teams were playing a good brand of ball, for in the first baseball game on record, played in Elysian Fields, Hoboken, N.J., on June 19, 1846, a team called the New Yorks, playing under Cartwright’s rules on a diamond of his specifications, defeated the Knickerbockers 23 to 1 in four innings† (Lieb1). [3] Baseball then expanded itself and moved on to integrating young men of â€Å"means and social positions.† In the 1850’s, baseball had a tremendous power that engaged many people from the East Coast part of the country. It got artisans, tradesmen, and shipwrights to form teams and play against each other. These teams of working men played against other teams that were made up of socialites. Within these club teams, though, there was a lot of disagreement because the people who used to partake in these games were mainly from the New York and Massachusetts areas. There were many discrepancies between the New York rules and the Massachusetts rules. This then led to the founding of the National Association of Baseball Players on March 10, 1858. [4] The new rules that the National Association of Baseball Players had installed then allowed the amateurs and others to play the game as well.

The Geography of the Olympics

The London 2012 Olympics has had a massive effect on the world, in particular the UK. Geographically speaking the Olympic park is located in Stratford, East London. The Olympics is obviously a huge financial outlay, but it is not just for the 2 weeks of the games. Urban regeneration: The Stratford area was previously a under developed and unpleasant area of London. Due to the Olympics the ?4 billion urban regeneration of the 73 hectares of land within the M25 has been started, with Stratford at its heart. The new facilities will include over 100 shops, leisure facilities, hotels and schools. One area of Stratford is currently being developed to be the most significant business district since Canary Wharf, this is planned to provide space for up to 30’000 workers. Stratford’s residents have also benefitted from the athlete’s village, the poor standard of the previous housing has led to their demolition and residents will now be able to access the former athlete’s village as part of an affordable/social housing scheme. The inclusion of 11’000 new homes in the Olympic park area will provide what Boris Johnson dubbed â€Å"the most important urban regeneration project in the next 25 years. It was perhaps most needed in this area of London as it had one of the lowest GDP’s in Britain with unemployment peaking at 20% after the demise of what were once the world’s largest docks. The area was very undesirable and often dubbed stinky Stratford because of the slaughterhouses and noxious industries that operated there. A consequence of all this was the housing, before the Olympics it consisted of post-world war prefabs. (Sources: Gaurdian. co. uk/Live discussion- regeneration/ July 2012 & London2012. com/ Regeneration games/November 2011) Transport: With 204 countries competing in the 2012 and over 11 million tickets on sale, people from all around the globe will be travelling to see Olympic events. This influx of people needs significant public transport and a superb infrastructure in order to run smoothly. International arrivals/departures by plane relied on the continuous operation of major airports around the world and the transport links directly to major areas of London in particular, Stratford. This was facilitated by regular trains and buses running between the locations. Since the London 2012 games, Stratford train station has become the third largest station in the UK for the number of trains stopping there. The People: As well as including thousands of people from around the world the Olympics also managed to attract all age groups from young children to pensioners. This sets the Olympics apart from other events; the ability to include such a vast age range is incredibly hard it is event such as the Olympics that enable such a large demographic to come together. For the first time in Olympic history there was a female team member from each of the competing countries, this was a particular change for Saudi Arabia who let two women into the team this year in contrast to none in its Olympic history. The Finances: In the background of the photo it is clear to see the large steel structure. This was donated by Lakshmi Mittal, the owner of ArcelorMittal which is the world's leading integrated steel and mining company. The tower is named the ‘Orbit’ and is located in Orbit Circus to the East of the Olympic Stadium. Mr Mittal has long been a supporter of the Olympics, setting up a trust for aspiring Indian athletes after Indian won only one medal in the 2000 Olympics. Despite being of Indian origin he decided to fund the project in the UK, this clearly demonstrates a sense of globalisation as financial support came from philanthropists all over the world. The economic effects of the Olympics have also been demonstrated by many large corporations, such as Whitbread, the group including Premier Inn, 4 restaurant chains and Costa Coffee. They revealed that sales had pushed Whitbread to the top of the FTSE 100 risers, up 106p to ?22. 05. An average increase of around 5% across the group. Furthermore the construction of the Olympic sites has created 46’000 jobs, much of the workforce sourced locally to retain the financial benefits within the local area. Moreover the active encouragement of a healthy lifestyle generated by the Olympics has a significant impact upon the attitudes viewers have about sport and their health. Theoretically the long term effects of the Olympics could mean the government saves money in areas such as health care treatments associated with obesity and unhealthy living. This in turn would enable a higher proportion of taxes to be spent on further urban regeneration or other public interests. (Sources: Gaurdian. co. uk/Live discussion- regeneration/ July 2012 & Whitbread PLC/ Trading Update/ September 2012) The Economic benefits of the Olympics were hyped up to an un-believable level by some sources, figures circulated at around ?3. Billion from respected organizations such as Visa. This would have meant a 3. 5% rise in the UK’s overall economic output annually. It was also expected that between 2013-2015, all the UK regions would benefit financially totaling 2. 74 Billion in extra money spent by visitors. When broken down into sectors, the High street retailers were expected to gain the most totaling ?705 million, surprisingly the transport sector faired as the lowest e arner totaling just ?81 million. Therefore Visa came to the conclusion that the total ‘economic legacy’ would be ?5. 3 Billion by 2015. However, now the main Olympic Games have come to an end analysts, are broadcasting a contrasting opinions based on the financial figures from the games. The more realistic increase in the nation’s output for 2012 is likely to be around 1%, less than a third of the original predictions for the Olympics alone. This 1% would also include the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee which was estimated to have increase output by 0. 4% along with the 0. 1% of growth gained from ticket sales (doesn’t count as the Olympic effect) to a total of 0. %. So, even without the Olympic effect, output should increase by 0. 5% between the second and third quarters. For the economy to register even zero growth in 2012 as a whole output needs to rise by 1% this quarter and remain at that level in the final quarter. Several major think-tank’s and The Bank of England have cut the ir UK growth predictions to between 0% and -0. 7% after disappointing Olympic revenue. (Source: Visa Europe/Economic impact report/ July 2011 & Guardian. co. uk/Olympics-why the British economy isn’t a winner/August 2012)

Development of the Periodic Table

It’s a rarity that we should come across a laboratory, classroom, chemistry textbook or lecture theatre that doesn’t contain a periodic table of the elements. It required the immense research and determination of the scientist Dmitri Mendeleev to show us that all elements followed a natural form and provided us with the first decent periodic table. There are 111 elements recognised today by IUPAC and they are arranged in the periodic table in horizontal groups and vertical periods.The eight groups consist of the alkali metals, the alkaline earth metals, the transition elements, metalloids, non-metals, the halogens and the nobel gases. The development of the periodic table first began with Antoine Lavoisier. His job as a privatised tax-collector helped finance his scientific research. He was the first scientist to classified the elements into four groups. These groups consisted of gases, metals, non-metals and metal oxides. In 1789, he proposed the Law of Conservation of Mass. This law stated that the mass of the products of a chemical reaction is equal to the reactants.This led to the â€Å"chemical revolution† and sparked interest amongst other scientists which, in turn, led to the periodic table that we know of today. In 1817 Johann Dobereiner saw became aware that the atomic weight of strontium was exactly half of the sum of the atomic weights of calcium and barium, which were elements that possessed similar properties. It took Dobereiner another twelve years to propose the Law of the Triads, after extensive research into finding the triads of the halogen group and the alkali metal group.In 1829 he proposed that nature contained triads of elements, with the middle element showing properties that were an average of the other two elements when ordered by atomic weight. Slowly, Dobereiners views began to be taken up by other chemists who tried to complete the unfinished triads, as further knowledge of the elements was gained. Dobereinerâ₠¬â„¢s triads played an important role in Gmelin’s Hand Book of Chemistry, but besides their importance in this publication not much notice was taken of the triads until much later on.The first scientist to arrange the elements in a periodic system was not actually a chemist, but a geologist. Beguyer de Chancourtois proposed a three-dimensional representation of the list of known elements wrapped around a cylinder in a helical graph. Elements that appeared on the same vertical line on the cylinder had similar properties. His helical graph also contained compounds and ions as well as elements so Beguyer de Chantcourtois’ work was disregarded until the work of Mendeleev.In 1862, John Newlands wrote a paper in which he arranged the fifty-six known elements into eleven groups based on similar physical properties. He noted that many of the elements with similarities differed by some multiple of eight in their atomic weights. Newlands found his work unpublished by the Royal S ociety as there were many criticisms made about his classification of the elements. John Newlands left no places in the table for undiscovered elements which altered the flexibility of the scheme.He didn’t evaluate the best values for the atomic weights, which was a serious omission according to Mendeleev. Some of the elements didn’t obey the scheme, the metals Mn, Ti and Fe aren’t of any resemblance to the non-metals P, Si and s which are placed eight elements before them. He was so convinced of his Law that he tried to force the elements to fit into this system Newlands believed that the system of the octaves would remain valid despite the number of elements that should be discovered. His work was ignored and forgotten until the work of Mendeleev had become famous.Both Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer produced similar results concerning the periodic table even though they worked independently of each other. Meyer constructed an abbreviated version of the peri odic table, with only half if the known elements included. Meyer did not separate the elements of the sub-groups and main groups as Mendeleev did, but he did include the transition metals. Meyer had already predicted that there were undiscovered elements that would fit in his system, and so he left vacant spaces for them to be added to the table as they were discovered.Meyer stated the Law of periodicity in 1868 which stated that ‘The properties of elements are largely periodic functions of their atomic weight, Identical or similar properties recur if the atomic weight is increased by a definite amount which is at first 16, then about 46, and finally 88 to 92 units’ Although Meyer’s table wasn’t used due to lack of certainty and flexibility, his colleague Seubert, from the University of Tubingen, republished his first papers in 1895, the year of Meyer’s death, so that students would be reminded of Meyers importance in the development of the periodic system.Dmitri Mendeleev published his first periodic table in 1869. He arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight. Mendeleev created cards, with each elements symbol, atomic weight and its physical and chemical properties written on the cards. When these cards were arranged in order of increasing atomic weight then a table of the elements was formed which gave rise to the periodic table of the elements. There were gaps present in the table but Mendeleev didn’t see this as a problem. Instead he believed correctly that the gaps insinuated that elements were yet to be discovered .From these gaps, he was able to predict accurately the physical and chemical properties of the undiscovered elements which he called eka-alumium, eka-boron and eka-silicon. The prefix eka- means similar to. He predicted that ten undiscovered elements existed and seven of these ten were discovered. Some say that his work and research was so brilliant because he wasn’t aware of the previous work done by Beguyer de Chancourtois, Dobereiner and Newlands. He didn’t accept the values for atomic weight without questioning the values.If the element did not fit into the scheme, he simply changed the weight and re-positioned the element in a group where its chemical and physical properties were more suited. He also made some of the periods longer to accommodate what we now know today as the transition metals. Mendeleev’s table is arranged in rows and columns. The elements that we see today in a horizontal period were shown on his table in vertical columns and vertical groups were shown in horizontal rows. Below is an example of the periodic table of Dmitri Mendeleev.Lord Rayleigh discovered a new inert, gaseous element in 1895 called argon. Although he knew of argon’s existence since 1983, it took him over a year to actually isolate the gas. Along with his colleague, William Ramsey, they noticed that this element didn’t fit into any of the known periodic groups. Ramsey made a suggestion that a new group should be formed and placed between chlorine and potassium in the periodic table. It was grouped with helium and a new family of elements was formed. Ramsey also correctly predicted the properties and identification of neon.These inert, gaseous elements were labelled as the ‘zero’ group because of the zero valency of the elements. They were also called the inert gases for many years because they almost completely lacked in any chemical reactivity. It was only when Neil Bartlett in 1962 successfully made a compound which included the element xenon, that the group became known as the noble gases. It was found that xenon bound chemically to oxygen and fluorine and so it showed that there is indeed, limited reactivity in this group of elements. Between the ears of 1911 and 1914, Henry Moseley established the atomic numbers of the elements in the periodic table. This atomic number refers to the number of elect rons in a neutral atom. He discovered the atomic number by using an experimental procedure which involved each element producing X-rays. He noticed that as the atomic weight increased, so did the energy of the X-rays. He didn’t understand this until he assigned numbers to the elements. This was a breakthrough in the development of the periodic table and gave rise to a periodic law.This law states that ‘The properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic number’. This Law was better than that of Mendeleev. When Moseley arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic number instead of increasing atomic mass then the irregularities that existed in Mendeleev’s table were gone. It is because of Moseley’s work that the periodic table that we have today is in existence. The final crucial change to occur in the period table of the elements came about from the work of Glenn Seaborg in 1940.He discovered the transuranium elements 94-102, sta rting with plutonium. A year later, Seaborg and his team discovered the isotope plutonium-239. He found that this isotope could be used to construct a nuclear bomb due to the isotope being fissionable by bombardment with slow neutrons. The amount of the plutonium-239 was very little so he began working on how to increase the abundance of the isotope. This research led him to join the Manhattan Project to make bombs for the U. S. Army.When the war ended he began focusing on the other trasuranium elements. Seaborg noticed that the heaviest elements were placed in the main body of the periodic table and he made another change to the table once again. He removed these heavy elements and placed displayed them separately from the main body of the table. He named the elements the Actinide series. As well as identifying the transuranium elements, Seaborg and his team brought to light more than 100 isotopes of the elements in the periodic table.Seaborg received the honour of having an elemen t named after him in appreciation of his extensive research into the periodic table. This element is named seaborgium (Sg). A transition metal is one which forms one or more stable ions which have incompletely filled d orbitals. Members of the transition elements and their compounds are good catalysts, probably due to their ability to change oxidation state. In the case of transition metals, they act as good catalysts because they are able to adsorb other substances onto their surface.The 38 elements occur in groups three to twelve, and it is their valence electrons that occur in more than one shell that cause them to have many oxidation states. Most of the transition metals take a coloured form, as do some of their ionic compounds. Because of the electrons in the d subshell, they are separated into different energy levels, causing the elements to absorb the frequencies of white light. Hence they appear to be coloured. The discovery of new elements, largely due to research in radioa ctivity, has had an appreciable impact on the development of the periodic table.The discovery of radioactivity in 1896 by Henri Becquerel inspired Marie and Pierre Curie to devote themselves to researching this area of chemistry. They succeeded in isolated radium and polonium just two years later. Marie measured the radiation given out by compounds of uranium and noticed that there was a similar radiation emitted by thorium compounds. During this time, she made the unexpected discovery that pitchblende contains a miniscule amount of an unknown radiating element. Pierre realised the importance of his wife’s work and joined in her research.Over the next year they found two new elements and began work on isolating them so their chemical and physical properties could be established. The third radioactive element was found three years after the discovery of radioactivity when actinium was separated from pitchblende by Debierne. The discovery of these three elements and radon were not the only ‘new’ elements found. Approximately 35 more elements were discovered in the early twentieth century, but these were later identified as isotopes of elements that had already been discovered.The identification of these isotopes and elements give rise to the modern periodic table of the elements. Some would say that although the periodic table is informative and a great discovery, the table does have some limits. Questions were raised in connection with the nonexistence of elements heavier than uranium. There were two main questions raised: Was it possible for heavier elements to occur in other parts of the universe? Was the lack of these elements caused by the instability of heavier atomic nuclei?John Newlands was the only scientist associated with the periodic table to consider the possibilities beyond the limits of the atomic weights. He talked about its upper and lower limits and concluded that there was a simple association between the atomic weights and the ordinal numbers. Some scientists continued to leave vacancies ahead of hydrogen for the neutron, electron, alpha-particle or the hydrogen ion, even after it had been known that the order number was indicated by the number of protons in an atom of the element.So today we are left with a period table of the elements that looks like this. There are eighteen groups and seven periods along with the lanthanoids and the actinoids in a separate grouping underneath the main body of the table. The table is laid out in such a way that the electron configuration for each element is valid as you go across a period. The periods get longer in the periods 4 – 7 to accommodate their electron configuration with s, p, d and f sub orbitals.The periodic table that we have today is a valuable resource for means of education. It’s something that many people take for granted, not realising that it was built over centuries by many great scientists. The modern layout is easy to use and com prehend making the understanding of organic chemistry as a whole easier. Although there may be some doubts to the validity of the table, no one can deny the fact that this family tree of the elements is nothing short of a genius way to assist in the teaching and learning of chemistry.

Three Temperature Scales Essays - Temperature, Thermodynamics

Three Temperature Scales Essays - Temperature, Thermodynamics Three Temperature Scales There are three temperature scales. Most people are familiar with either the Fahrenheit or the Celsius scales, with temperatures measured in degrees Fahrenheit ( F) or degrees Celsius ( C) respectively. On the Fahrenheit scale, water freezes at a temperature of 32 Fahrenheit and boils at 212 F. Absolute zero on this scale is not at 0 Fahrenheit, but rather at -459 Fahrenheit. The Celsius scale sets the freezing point of water at 0 Celsius and the boiling point at 100 Celsius. On the Celsius scale, absolute zero corresponds to a temperature of -273 Celsius. Scientists - especially those who study what happens to things when they become very, very cold - commonly use the Kelvin scale, with temperatures measured in Kelvin (K). This scale uses the same temperature steps as the Celsius scale, but is shifted downward. On this scale, water freezes at 273 K and boils at 373 K. Only on the Kelvin temperature scale does absolute zero actually fall at 0 K.

A Timeline of Events in Electromagnetism

A Timeline of Events in Electromagnetism Human fascination with electromagnetism, the interaction of electric currents and magnetic fields, dates back to the dawn of time with the human observation of lightning and other unexplainable occurrences, such as electric fish and eels. Humans knew there was a phenomenon, but it remained shrouded in mysticism until the 1600s when scientists began digging deeper into theory. This timeline of events about the discovery and research leading to our modern understanding of electromagnetism demonstrates how scientists, inventors, and theorists worked together to advance the science collectively. 600 BCE: Sparking Amber in Ancient Greece The earliest writings about electromagnetism were in 600 BCE, when the ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and scientist Thales of Miletus described his experiments rubbing animal fur on various substances such as amber. Thales discovered that amber rubbed with fur attracts bits of dust and hairs that create static electricity, and if he rubbed the amber for long enough, he could even get an electric spark to jump. 221–206 BCE: Chinese Lodestone Compass The magnetic compass is an ancient Chinese invention, likely first made in China during the Qin dynasty, from 221 to 206 BCE. The compass used a lodestone, a magnetic oxide, to indicate true north. The underlying concept may not have been understood, but the ability of the compass to point true north was clear. 1600: Gilbert and the Lodestone Toward the late 16th century, the founder of electrical science English scientist William Gilbert published De Magnete in Latin translated as On the Magnet or On the Lodestone. Gilbert was a contemporary of Galileo, who was impressed by Gilberts work. Gilbert undertook a number of careful electrical experiments, in the course of which he discovered that many substances were capable of manifesting electrical properties. Gilbert also discovered that a heated body lost its electricity and that moisture prevented the electrification of all bodies. He also noticed that electrified substances attracted all other substances indiscriminately, whereas a magnet only attracted iron. 1752: Franklins Kite Experiments American founding father Benjamin Franklin is famous for the extremely dangerous experiment he ran, of having his son fly a kite through a storm-threatened sky. A key attached to the kite string sparked and charged a Leyden jar, thus establishing the link between lightning and electricity. Following these experiments, he invented the lightning rod. Franklin discovered there are two kinds of charges, positive and negative: objects with like charges repel one another, and those with unlike charges attract one another. Franklin also documented the conservation of charge, the theory that an isolated system has a constant total charge. 1785: Coulombs Law In 1785, French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb developed Coulombs law, the definition of the electrostatic force of attraction and repulsion. He found that the force exerted between two small electrified bodies is directly proportional to the product of the magnitude of charges and varies inversely to the square of the distance between those charges. Coulombs discovery of the law of inverse squares virtually annexed a large part of the domain of electricity. He also produced important work on the study of friction. 1789: Galvanic Electricity In 1780, Italian professor Luigi Galvani (1737–1790) discovered that electricity from two different metals causes frog legs to twitch. He observed that a frogs muscle, suspended on an iron balustrade by a copper hook passing through its dorsal column, underwent lively convulsions without any extraneous cause. To account for this phenomenon, Galvani assumed that electricity of opposite kinds existed in the nerves and muscles of the frog. Galvani published the results of his discoveries in 1789, together with his hypothesis, which engrossed the attention of the physicists of that time. 1790: Voltaic Electricity Italian physicist, chemist and inventor Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) read of Galvanis research and in his own work discovered that chemicals acting on two dissimilar metals generate electricity without the benefit of a frog. He invented the first electric battery, the voltaic pile battery in 1799. With the pile battery, Volta proved that electricity could be generated chemically and debunked the prevalent theory that electricity was generated solely by living beings. Voltas invention sparked a great deal of scientific excitement, leading others to conduct similar experiments which eventually led to the development of the field of electrochemistry. 1820: Magnetic Fields In 1820, Danish physicist and chemist Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851) discovered what would become known as Oersteds Law: that an electric current affects a compass needle and creates magnetic fields. He was the first scientist to find the connection between electricity and magnetism. 1821: Amperes Electrodynamics French physicist Andre Marie Ampere (1775–1836) found that wires carrying current produce forces on each other, announcing his theory of electrodynamics in 1821. Amperes theory of electrodynamics states that two parallel portions of a circuit attract one another if the currents in them are flowing in the same direction, and repel one another if the currents flow in the opposite direction. Two portions of circuits crossing one another obliquely attract one another if both the currents flow either towards or from the point of crossing and repel one another if one flows to and the other from that point. When an element of a circuit exerts a force on another element of a circuit, that force always tends to urge the second one in a direction at right angles to its own direction. 1831: Faraday and Electromagnetic Induction English scientist Michael Faraday (1791–1867) at the Royal Society in London developed the idea of an electric field and studied the effect of currents on magnets. His research found that the magnetic field created around a conductor carried a direct current, thereby establishing the basis for the concept of the electromagnetic field in physics. Faraday also established that magnetism could affect rays of light and that there was an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. He similarly discovered the principles of electromagnetic induction and diamagnetism and the laws of electrolysis. 1873: Maxwell and the Basis of Electromagnetic Theory James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), a Scottish physicist and mathematician, recognized that electromagnetisms processes could be established using mathematics. Maxwell published Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism in 1873 in which he summarizes and synthesizes the discoveries of Coloumb, Oersted, Ampere, Faraday into four mathematical equations. Maxwells equations are used today as the basis of electromagnetic theory. Maxwell predicts the connections of magnetism and electricity leading directly to the prediction of electromagnetic waves. 1885: Hertz and Electric Waves German physicist Heinrich Hertz proved Maxwells electromagnetic wave theory was correct, and in the process, generated and detected electromagnetic waves. Hertz published his work in a book, Electric Waves: Being Researches on the Propagation of Electric Action With Finite Velocity Through Space. The discovery of electromagnetic waves led to the development to the radio. The unit of frequency of the waves measured in cycles per second was named the hertz in his honor. 1895: Marconi and the Radio In 1895, Italian inventor and electrical engineer Guglielmo Marconi put the discovery of electromagnetic waves to practical use by sending messages over long distances using radio signals, also known as the wireless. He was known for his pioneering work on long-distance radio transmission and his development of Marconis law and a radio telegraph system. He is often credited as the inventor of the radio, and he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy. Sources Andrà © Marie Ampà ¨re. St. Andrews University. 1998. Web. June 10, 2018.Benjamin Franklin and the Kite Experiment. The Franklin Institute. Web. June 10, 2018.Coulombs Law. The Physics Classroom. Web. June 10, 2018. De Magnete. The William Gilbert Website. Web. June 10, 2018.July 1820: Oersted and electromagnetism. This Month in Physics History, APS News. 2008. Web. June 10, 2018.OGrady, Patricia. Thales of Miletus (c. 620 B.C.E.- c. 546 B.C.E.). Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Web. June 10, 2018Silverman, Susan. Compass, China, 200 BCE. Smith College. Web. June 10, 2018.

Examination of competitive intelligence as it relates to a specific Essay

Examination of competitive intelligence as it relates to a specific e-businessPC World) - Essay Example This paper seeks to use the porters five forces theory to explain the competitor analysis. PC World is known as the largest retail computer superstores located in United Kingdom. PC World was established in 1991. Later In 1993, the company merged with Currys PC World. The company is headquartered at Hemel Hempstead in United Kingdom. In 2005, the number of the employees was approximated to be 5,528. The company has a slogan that brings individuals together in the term of technology â€Å"we start with you†. PC World began to expand and made acquisitions of DN computer services, Byte computers stores limited and micro ware house in 1996, 1998 and 2004 respectively. PC World in 2006 started to link itself with homes and started home entertainments and installation services. The business reported a loss of $29.8 million in 2008 but in 2007 it had a profit worth $52.4 million. Currently, the company operates in United Kingdom and Ireland. This is after some stores were closed, for example, in 2009 Sweden stores were closed and in 2011 Spanish stores were also closed. L ater in Italy they were closed making the company to operate in United Kingdom and Ireland only. One of the major competitors of PC World is Dixons Retail that is located in United Kingdom. The company has different stores that are approximated to be 530 in UK and Ireland. Additionally other outlets are operational in northern Europe with the number standing at 322 stores. Dixons Retail have specialized in market technology, for example, electronic products, audio –video machines personal computers, photographic machines, installation and repair, mobile services among others. Dixons Retail was founded in 1937 and is the major competitor of PC World since they sell the same brands though Dixons have specialized in market. Comparing with PC world, Dixons Retail operate in UK and Ireland where 530 stores are operational with a market share of 40%. For

Profile and discuss one communications sector of a country of your Essay

Profile and discuss one communications sector of a country of your choice. ( India film industry Bollywood) - Essay Example Bollywood, the Indian film industry, is an important part of the global international communication system in the modern world. This paper is aimed at providing the profile of Bollywood, the Indian film industry and also in discussing various aspects of international communication related to this industry. International communication and films: International communication is considered as the inseparable part of human lives as it is playing an important role in developing various social, cultural, socio-cultural, economic, educational and other aspects of their lives. After the World War II, international communication has gained significant attention from all over the world. Since the middle of the 19th century, global communication started to gain greater amounts of focus by people (McPhail, 2011, p.1). According to McPhail (2011), â€Å"international communication refers to the cultural, economic, political, social and technical analysis of communication and media patterns and ef fects across and between nation-states† (McPhail, 2011, p.2). International communication is essential for the purpose of producing effective value judgments. The most important sources of international communication are online media services, print media services, news channels and films and theaters (Supadhiloke, 2008, p.109). The notion of international communication is closely related to the society as various societal imbalances and inequalities are revealed through international communication (Moby, 2003, p.10). Improvements in satellite, television and internet system are helping films to become an important medium of international communication. Modern technologies are getting transferred in developing countries from developed countries like UK and USA (Hallin, 1998, p.153). Film is considered as traditional media and the growing technological advancements are creating greater amounts of integration in favour of developing the international digital telecommunication ne twork (Madikiza and Bornman, 2007, p.16). With the help of film media and industries cultural aspects are commoditised (Madikiza and Bornman, 2007, p.32). However, several instances reveal that national cultures are becoming the victim of the film media as the most important way of communicating with the people nationally as well as internationally (like the Western society) (Golding and Harris, 1996, p.199). Numerous epic films which have been produced in different countries all over the world have raised the effectiveness of international communication all over the world with the help of greater popularity of these films (Curran and Morley, 2006, p.267). Indian film industry: Bollywood, the Indian film industry is effectively using various social, cultural, economic as well as political aspects which are creating various impacts on the lives of people of the country, in particular, and in the lives of people of the world, in general. Bollywood is the largest film industry in India (there are number of regional film industries in the country which are popularly known as Tollywood. The New York Times as well the Washington Post regularly publish reviews of Indian films which are released and shown in different multiplexes of New York, Toronto and other cities of the United States (Rao, 2007, p.57). More than 300 films are produced every year in Bollywood and large numbers of Bollywood films are exported to the United

Regional economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Regional economy - Essay Example Regarding political context, consolidated investments in Research and development activities are particularly promoted to be enhanced, especially in business sector. Correlation analysis of the European Union Research and development policy, higher education activities, innovative business participation and regional economic growth justifies the European Union Research and development policy and financial mechanisms applied in the European Union regions, where coherence is stimulated. According to the conducted research it can be stated that in these regions expenditure of business sector on Research and development activities increases the GDP per capita in PPS, the labour productivity per hour worked, but governmental sector expenditure on Research and development activities has a small negative influence on the GDP per capita in PPS. Higher education sector expenditure on Research and development activities in these regions induces the increase of the number of students, but no in fluence on economic indicators is noticed. However, the correlation analysis shows the differences exist regarding the influence on regional economic development between the different regions of the European Union, the USA and Japan. Some premises could be made, which may create difficulties in the European Union regions, where cohesion is stimulated, to implement some financial and management mechanisms, aimed to stimulate Research and development activities, and that are used in the European Union regions, where cohesion is not stimulated, in the USA and in Japan. Paragraph Sources:- i. European Communities (2006). Creating Innovative Europe. Report of the independent expert group on R&D and innovation appointed following the Hampton Court Summit and chaired by Mr. Esko Aho Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities ii. Eurostat (2009). Accessed on 2009-01-10 by http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal iii. Melnikas, B.; Dzemydiene, D. Evaluation of Re gional Economic Clusters In Central And Eastern Europe. Intellectual Economics. 2007, 1: 46–54. 2. How has regional policy within the union developed in an attempt to promote cohesion and balanced geographical growth Substantial progress has been made in understanding the sources of uneven economic Development at the regional, national and international scales, but no single theory or Disciplinary perspective is up to the task of such understanding. This literature review Suggests that traditional theories of economic growth have been complemented by three Principal advances in theory and measurement: economic geography, and especially Theories of the relationship between transport/trade costs and spatial agglomeration; Economic growth theories and especially those that focus on the sources of innovation And knowledge-creation in the economy, and on their territorial distribution; and Institutional theories, which centre on the capacities of economies to absorb knowledge And innovate, to organize them efficiently, to adapt to change, and to avoid lock-in By inefficient practices or rent-seeking interest groups. Taken together, they go a long Way toward

Person centred theory and its application in practice

Person centred theory and its application in practice Person-centred therapy is one of the humanistic approaches and derives from the work of Carl Rogers. It is based on the assumption each individual/client has the potential to understand themselves and the ability to solve their own problems. Rogers (1953/1967 p92, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004) firmly believed that, the inner core of mans personality is the organism itself, which essentially is both self-preserving and social and through this belief Rogers developed several key theoretical concepts of the person-centred approach. The organismic self, as Rogers saw it, is the human being, the sensory, bodily and visceral functions (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). The organismic self is essentially trustworthy and strives to grow and achieve its full potential, it experiences the inner feelings and deep seated desires and knows what it needs, both mentally and physically from the environment and other people in order to develop to its full potential. The tendency towards growth is known as the actualising tendency. Rogerss theory suggests that it is in human nature to grow, as it is for a plant, an example Rogers used to explain his theory. A plant does not need to be made to grow, it is innate. Given the right conditions the plant will thrive to be the best that it can be. As with people, if they are given the right conditions they will thrive to reach their potential and become the best person they can be (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). However, for people it means more than just growth and survival, it is the satis faction of physical and psychological needs. This theory was also supported by Abraham Maslow (1970, cited in Bernstein et al 2003), who developed a hierarchy of motives that need to be satisfied in order to reach self-actualisation. In essence the hierarchy can be split into two levels; physiological needs such oxygen, food, keeping warm, avoiding danger etc and psychological needs such as love, acceptance, and respect will lead to self actualisation (Bernstein et al 2003). Rogers believed that in order to satisfy the actualising tendency, we need to have experiences that will enable us to grow, and be able to accept these experiences into our self-structure and awareness (Tolan 2003). Rogers suggested that the environment an individual finds themselves in is the only constraint on the actualizing tendency (Thorne 2006) and the progress of people whose experiences of the self become distorted is likely to slowed or even stopped. The need for positive regard and approval from others can become overwhelming and eventually could take precedence over the thoughts and feelings of the organismic self. Rogers saw that from an early age children learn to need other peoples approval, or positive regard and the child will evaluate themselves as good for having earned approval. However, if a behaviour arising from what the individual is actually experiencing fails to earn positive regard then a conflict arises. The individual must either do without the positive regard or re-evaluate the self-experience and change their behaviour in order to receive positive feedback (Bernstein 2003). These experiences form the self-concept, which is the way that individual thinks of them. The self-concept is another key concept of the person-centred approach. It is the individuals conceptual representation of themselves, developed over time and is mainly dependent on the attitudes and behaviour of significant people in an individuals life and the environment they are in. Once a self-concept is established it is usually reinforced through behaviour that will elicit approval and suppress feelings, though ts or behaviours that bring about negative judgment from others. Experiences which challenge the self-concept are likely to be distorted or even denied altogether in order to preserve it. (Thorne, 1996). Difficulties can occur if a persons overwhelming need for positive regard from others is not met or is conditional upon their behaviour. Psychological disturbance occurs when the individuals self-concept contradicts with the thoughts or feelings that the individual organismically experiences (Mearns and Thorne, 2008). The ability to weigh up and to value experiences positively or negatively is known as the organismic valuing process. It is a fluid process by which experiences are valued according to how beneficial they are for enhancing towards self-actualisation. This means that experiences which are beneficial are sought after, however, experiences that are not seen as beneficial are valued as bad and avoided, this can lead to a distrust or disassociation with the organismic self (Mearns and Thorne 2008). The distrust in the organismic self can also be due to repeated messages that an individual has received or perceived from their environment. When we take something in from our environment, such as we evaluate it in relation to our internal valuing process, this kind of internalisation is called introjection. Introjects are the beliefs, attitudes, judgements or values of another person which are taken into the individual and become part of their self-concept (Thorne, 1996). By seeking approval from others individuals will introject attitudes or beliefs that are contradictory to their own feelings. When we take in something that doesnt fit into our self-concept we may reject it, or we may deny or distort some other aspect of our experience. In a therapeutic setting introjects can usually be identified by statements such as I ought to be or I should this can lead to a negative self-concept and cause the individual to become incongruent. (Tudor Embleton 2004). The organismic valuing process can also be disturbed by self-concepts that have been based on conditional positive regard, or conditions of worth. Conditions of worth are the feelings an individual experiences when the person is evaluated, instead of the persons behaviour. When the significant people in a persons life appear to value certain aspects of a behaviour or trait, the individual also learns to do this. Subsequently the individual will seek out some experiences and avoid others because they have learned to regard themselves in a particular way, for example if a parent says to their child I dont like you when you cry, the child may learn not to cry even if they are feeling genuine distress. (Tudor Embleton et al 2004). Through conditions of worth and negative self-concepts an individual can lose touch which their organismic self and become reliant on others to dictate the actions, according to Rogers this person would have an external locus of evaluation. A person with an external locus of evaluation will usually have been surrounded by people who are critical and judgemental. In order to receive approval and positive regard the individual will develop ways to behave. This is usually contradictory to the organismic self, which ceases to be effective as a source of knowledge or guidance for the individual. As a result the individual begins to rely on others to make their decisions and loses touch with what they really think and feel. (Mearns and Thorne 2008). In a therapeutic setting a counsellor/therapist must be aware if a client is presenting with a highly externalised locus of evaluation, as the client could interpret what the therapist says as advice or validation for behaviour. For example: Client: I just dont know what to do, I want to be a good mum and spend time with my children, but I also want my own social life, thats not wrong is it? Therapist: So you feel by having a social life you arent being a good mum Client: Exactly, I feel I am being selfish. What should I do? This client is incongruent due to her inner desires to have a social life and the conflict with her self-concept of what a good mum should be. The client asks the therapist for their opinion, which also suggests an external locus of evaluation. In contrast to this is the internal locus of evaluation. Psychologically healthy people are those who have been fortunate to live be surrounded by people whose acceptance and approval has enabled them to develop self-concepts that allow them to be in touch with their deepest feelings and experiences (Mearns and Thorne 2008, p11). This will enable them to move towards what Rogers (1963, cited in Mearns and Thorne 2008) describes as a fully functioning person. A fully functioning person is open to experiences and is not overly concerned with the opinions of others. This person would be able to trust their own ability to know what is good or bad for their development, they would be able to listen to themselves and make their own decisions, this person would have an internal locus of evaluation. A significant moment in therapy is when a client recognises their inner feelings and begins to operate using an internal locus of evaluation. Importance of the therapeutic relationship In a speech at the University of Minnesota Rogers said: Therapy is not a matter of doing something about himself. It is instead a matter of freeing him for normal growth and development so that he can again move forward. (Rogers, 1942, p29, cited in Dryden Mytton, 1999, p75) A key difference from other types of therapy is that the person-centred approach is non-directive and a greater emphasis is placed on the quality of the relationship rather than the use of techniques. The personal qualities and attitudes of the therapist are often seen as more important than their formal education or qualifications. The person-centred approach believes that it is the therapeutic relationship that can liberate the client from blockages to the actualising tendency (Dryden Mytton 1999). The aim of the counsellor in the therapeutic relationship is to create conditions where the growth or actualising process is encouraged, in turn this will free the client from their restrictions created by conditions of worth and introjects and enable them to listen to their inner voice (Mearns and Thorne 2008). Rogers believed that in the therapeutic relationship clients, often for the first time, experience acceptance rather than evaluation and feel free to recognise their organismic self. The therapist does not create an assessment of the client, nor do they label the client, Rogers regarded this as detrimental as the labelling process places the evaluation in the hands of an expert. In person-centred counselling the client is viewed as the expert about him/herself and the therapist is the expert only in maintaining the attitudinal conditions in the relationship with the client, not as an expert on the client (Dryden Mytton 1999). If the therapist was to be viewed as the expert this would create a power imbalance in the relationship and the person-centred approach regards it as essential that the client realises that they can trust their own experiencing and the validity of their own perceptions. Thorne (1996) believed that those who gain the most from person-centred therapy are those who are willing to change and recognise their role and responsibility in the therapeutic process. The person-centred approach is process orientated and Rogers believed if certain necessary conditions are present then changes will occur and the process of growth can take place. Rogers listed what he regarded as the necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change (Rogers, 1957 p95, cited in Dryden Mytton 1999 p76): Two persons are in psychological contact. Rogers (1959) described this as the least or minimum experience which could be called a relationship (p. 207, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004) meaning that the therapist and client have to be mutually aware of each other before the process can begin. There does not need to be an emotional connection or closeness for there to be psychological contact, it is a simple contact between two persons (Rogers, 1959 p207, cited in Embleton Tudor et al 2004, p40). The first, whom we shall term the client, is in a state of incongruence, being vulnerable and anxious. One implication of client incongruence being one of the necessary and sufficient conditions is that the client is needs to have some self-identified problem in order to be motivated to seek therapy. Furthermore, if the client is vulnerable to anxiety this, in theory, would motivate them to stay in the therapeutic relationship (Mearns and Thorne, 2008). The second person, whom we shall term the therapist, is congruent or integrated in the relationship. According to Rogers (1973, p186) congruence or genuineness is the realness of the therapist in the relationshipWhen the therapist is natural and spontaneous he seems to be most effective (cited in Mearns Thorne 2008 p119). Rogers believed that if the therapist was outwardly showing warmth and acceptance, but was inwardly feeling irritation, the client would sense this and it would have a negative effect on the therapeutic relationship (Dryden Mytton 1999). Wilkins (1997) stated that the therapist needs to be open to their feelings and inner experiences, but does not need to communicate their feelings to the client (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). Congruence enables the client to be able to trust the experience of the counsellor, which in turn can help to establish a therapeutic relationship whereby the client feels genuinely understood and accepted (Tolan, 2003). The therapist experiences unconditional positive regard (UPR) for the client. UPR is the attitude of the therapist towards the client. If the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. Bozworth (1996) argued that the clients experiencing of UPR is the most therapeutically effective of the necessary and sufficient conditions. The client does not need to distort their inner feelings to receive acceptance, therefore they can begin to become aware of organismic experiences and hopefully reduce the feelings of internal conflict (Embleton Tudor et al 2004). The therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the clients internal frame of reference and endeavours to communicate this experience to the client. The key characteristic of empathy is being able to understand another persons subjective reality as they experience it. This requires an orientation toward the clients frame of reference (Cooper et al 2007). To be able to communicate empathically the therapist must accurately reflect what the content or affect of what the client conveyed, or the intended meaning of what was said. The importance of this is that it conveys to the client that the therapist understands what they are saying, it also gives the clients the opportunity to reflect on what they have said and the possibly find meaning in it (Josefwitz Myran 2005). The communication to the client of the therapists empathic understanding and unconditional positive regard is to a minimal degree achieved. The therapist has a responsibility to communicate empathetic understanding and UPR to their client in order for the client to feel that they are in an environment where they are accepted and understood. Rogers (1957, p 99) stated unless some communication of these attitudes has been achieved, then such attitudes do not exist in the relationship as far as the client is concerned (cited in Embleton Tudor 2004, p44). The core conditions and the application of theory to practice Of the six necessary and sufficient conditions that have just briefly been described, congruence, UPR and empathy have come to be described as the core conditions. I shall describe these core conditions in more depth and aim to demonstrate their application in practice. Congruence Congruence can be described using terms such as, transparent, genuine or authentic, but the essence of congruence in a therapeutic relationship is that the therapist relates to the client in a way that reflects their inner awareness and feelings. The therapist should have an ongoing awareness of their experiencing (Mearns Thorne 2000). Rogers (1957) stressed that congruence is a state of being, and a therapist should only communicate their feelings when they are persistent and of great strength and when communication of them assists the therapeutic process. Result: Endeavouring to be so open the counsellor acts as a role model sending the message that its ok to feel and communicate feelings. In order to develop and maintain congruence counsellors need to constantly work at being aware of their underlying feelings and also to realise the importance of having supervision and working on their own personal growth.